Can Egypt hold it together? President's son, family flee to Britain

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yolland, you make a good point about the culture/customs thing as well, yes, that's definitely something to keep in mind, too.

She did cite in her post how Mofo Politics commented, when Logan was detained in Egypt earlier this month, that "I would totally rape her,"

...the FUCK?

On what planet would anyone think that that was an acceptable thing to say about anybody?

When the news broke, Nir Rosen, a fellow at the New York University Center for Law and Security, promptly whined to Twitter, "It’s always wrong, that’s obvious, but I’m rolling my eyes at all the attention she’ll get," adding, "She’s so bad that I ran out of sympathy for her."

Yeah, I know, it totally sucks how we keep bringing attention to such horrors! I mean, it could be SO much worse, right?

He soon backpedaled, deleting several of his most offensive posts and tweeting, "I apologize and take it back. joking with friends got out of line when i didnt want to back down. forgot twitter is not exactly private."

:der: Gee, really, no shit, Sherlock?

Christ, people. Does the phrase "Shut up" mean anything to you?

Angela
 
What's really sad is I'm no longer surprised when someone says stuff like what some "people" (and I use that word loosely) are saying about Logan.
 
I swear, these days it seems to be OK to dehumanize others. If what happened to Lara Logan occurred 10 - 12 years ago, I really doubt anyone would mock her attack. But now its seems to be no big deal to others.
 
On what planet would anyone think that that was an acceptable thing to say about anybody?
Mofo Politics is a really sleazy, trashy conservative newsblog site with entries that mostly read like a shock jock's gossip column. (The original headline of the story that came from was "Slutty CBS Reporter Lara Logan Detained in Egypt.") Rosen at least has been apologizing profusely through various news outlets, fwiw--granted he has more of a reputation to protect than Mofo Politics or Debbie Schlussel, who predictably ridiculed her critics for not seeing the rapacious and brutal nature of Muslims with the clarity she does.

But honestly there's nothing surprising about any of this; vulgarly, terminally empathy-challenged people have always been around and always will be, it's just the rise of blogs and tweets and so forth that makes them more visible and influential.
 
NYT, Feb. 18
Battle Lines Harden Across Mideast as Rulers Dig In


Security forces and government supporters employed a growing panoply of violent force—from tear gas and batons to shotguns and grenades—in pitched street battles with antigovernment protesters in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen on Friday. The clashes followed a week of deepening unrest as protesters, emboldened by the toppling of President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt and President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali in Tunisia, have called for swift revolutions in their own countries. The battle lines between protesters and authoritarian rulers across the Arab world appeared to be hardening, with governments turning to an increasingly brutal script in trying to quash the protests that have swept the region.

The severity of a Libyan crackdown on Thursday’s so-called Day of Rage began to emerge Friday when a human rights advocacy group said 24 people had been killed by gunfire and news reports said further clashes with security forces were feared at the funerals for the dead.

That apprehension also seized Bahrain, where mourners for some of the five people killed in an assault on a democracy camp a day earlier marched on Pearl Square and were fired on by security forces. The violence has pitted a Sunni minority government against a Shiite majority in the strategic island state that is home to the American Navy’s Fifth Fleet.

...In Yemen, protests appeared to grow larger and more violent in the city of Taiz, 130 miles south of the capital, where thousands of antigovernment protesters called for the ouster of President Ali Abullah Saleh and clashed with government supporters, news reports said. Reuters reported that a grenade exploded in a large crowd of protesters who had camped out since last Friday in the city’s Hurriya Square, killing at least one person and wounding many more.

Across the Gulf of Aden from Yemen thousands of demonstrators gathered on Friday in the tiny African nation of Djibouti to demand that the country’s president step down, after a series of smaller demonstrations seeking to capitalize on the wave of unrest, The Associated Press reported. A former French colony and a strong ally of the United States, Djibouti, like Bahrain, plays host to an American military base, the only one in Africa.

Clashes between pro-and antigovernment demonstrators were reported in Amman, the capital of Jordan, The Associated Press reported. And in Kuwait, the police attacked about 1000 members of the group known as bedouns who had gathered to demand greater rights, Bloomberg reported.

...In Iran, a leading opposition figure, Mir Hussein Moussavi, was reported missing, raising fears that he had been detained in connection with this week’s antigovernment rallies. The marches, the largest since the 2009 disputed elections, were put down by Iranian security and paramilitary forces. The government called for its supporters to rally Friday; the opposition called for another march on Sunday.

In Algeria, where a major protest has been called for Saturday, state television denounced “foreign interference,” while a prominent political leader, Abdelhamid Mehri, accused the government of not “responding to the hunger for integrity, liberty, democracy and social justice.”

...And in Iraq, protest leaders said they would go ahead with plans for a Saturday march in Baghdad, despite a second day of violence marring demonstrations elsewhere in the country. “Are we expecting violence?” said Kamal Jabar, an Iraqi organizers. “Yes, we’re expecting violence. Are we going out? Yes, we’re going out.”
 
Bahrain is getting pretty chaotic. Reports that troops in helicopters were firing on protestors who decided to march after attending the funeral of other protestors (conflicting accounts as to whether it was live ammo or rubber bullets), and then turning to fire on reporters that were capturing the attacks on camera. And now apparently police are attacking hospitals, and preventing doctors from entering the square and treating and/or removing the wounded or dead.

A combination of tweets:

Ambulance paramedic just told me that the riot police pointed their guns on them and said leave or we'll shoot you. A man just asked me if I was using Facebook, I said no. He said "then what are you doing?" and walked away. The guy who asked me about Facebook had to be a spy. He just came back and said good luck to me n left. He's def not 1 of us! they are allowing ambulances to come back as I am hearing. Have one protester here, he says "we were shouting 'peaceful' and then Commandoes with black masks surrounded then started shotting. Docotrs coming out of ER crying. "One protester went infront of crowd and raised bahraini flag, they shouted n told him to put down the flag. "The 1st shot came from a building and straight into the head of a protester, I saw him."

More here: Echoes From Bahrain: "This Is Not Real" - The Daily Dish | By Andrew Sullivan
 
Libya is looking awful too, reports of more than 200 protesters killed by the military!

protests in Morocco too now...
 
Libyan forces fire on mourners at funeral again - Yahoo! News

Libyan forces fire on mourners at funeral again


CAIRO – Libyan security forces opened fired on mourners at a funeral for anti-government protesters in the eastern city of Benghazi again Sunday, a day after commandos and foreign mercenaries loyal to longtime leader Moammar Gadhafi pummeled demonstrators with assault rifles and other heavy weaponry as well as knives. A doctor at one city hospital said he counted 200 dead in his morgue alone since unrest began six days ago.

The crackdown in Libya is shaping up to be the most brutal repression of the anti-government protests that began with uprisings that toppled the regimes in Tunisia and Egypt. The protests then spread quickly around the region to Bahrain, Yemen, Libya, Algeria, Morocco and outside the Middle East to places including the East African nation of Djibouti and even China.

The latest violence in the flashpoint city of Benghazi followed the same pattern as the crackdown on Saturday, when witnesses said forces loyal to Gadhafi attacked mourners at a funeral for anti-government protesters. The doctor at a Benghazi hospital said at least one person was killed by gunshots during the funeral march, and 14 were injured, including five in serious condition. He spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of reprisal.

A man shot in the leg Sunday said marchers were carrying coffins to a cemetery when they passed a military compound in Libya's second-largest city. The man said security forces fired in the air and then opened up on the crowd.


Woww. Gadhafi's a sick mass murderer. He deserves to be shot, if not just for his role in the Lockerbie bombing. :down: Yet the UN recognizes him as a legitimate leader. What a world we live in.
 
I'd say they're either incredibly stupid, not realizing that the entire world is watching, or just incredibly evil for knowing the world is watching and not caring.

Oh, wait. Why is it an "either/or" situation? They're both.
 
Ah, yeah, some of the areas around Gare du Nord are pretty gritty and macho.

Are women more likely to be harassed in Paris in areas that have higher %'s of North African immigrants or is that a politically incorrect question?
 
Are women more likely to be harassed in Paris in areas that have higher %'s of North African immigrants or is that a politically incorrect question?

i don't know, apart from a couple of incidents involving non-white males (being followed in Gare du Nord by an East Indian man, and having my arse slapped by a North African man in the same area), i have felt pretty safe in those areas to be honest... plus, those areas are always so busy and bustling and full of activity i've always felt really safe there... it's the lonely quiet deserted back streets in any area that are to be avoided i think...

in fact, the first time i got hassled/propositioned in Paris was on Avenue Montaigne just off the Champs Elysees, by a white French man dressed in a smart suit; i was regularly harassed by my boss, a white French Bigot at one of the major French state-owned companies at the time, not to mention groped on many occasions during commuter hour (by white French men) on the metro; i was tear-gassed once on the metro by a gang of North African lads, then got chased by them after i pulled the emergency lever and jumped off train at Havre-Caumartin near the Opera - never ran so fast in my life lol!!!, have been followed out of the metro station in various parts of Paris i lived in over the years, mostly by white French men/boys, but by far the worst thing was me and my friend being flashed at by a white French man, in the middle of the day on the metro LOL so in my experience it was pretty much everywhere...

funnily enough, one of the places i felt the safest was walking along rue St Denis (red light area) on my way to theatre school - there was so much other action going on, i was completely ignored and left in peace - not something i would recommend though really LOL
 
Mofo Politics is a really sleazy, trashy conservative newsblog site with entries that mostly read like a shock jock's gossip column. (The original headline of the story that came from was "Slutty CBS Reporter Lara Logan Detained in Egypt.") Rosen at least has been apologizing profusely through various news outlets, fwiw--granted he has more of a reputation to protect than Mofo Politics or Debbie Schlussel, who predictably ridiculed her critics for not seeing the rapacious and brutal nature of Muslims with the clarity she does.

Well, that explains that, then. I'm not familiar with that outlet.

Apology, fine, but really, when have these public ones ever been remotely sincere? Someone who's that big an asshole, I highly doubt they're at all sorry.

But honestly there's nothing surprising about any of this; vulgarly, terminally empathy-challenged people have always been around and always will be, it's just the rise of blogs and tweets and so forth that makes them more visible and influential.

I know. It's just still really sucky to hear such things and on some level I still can't believe people actually have the gall to say such things in any media forum. I don't get why people feel the need to say things like that. But then again, I never will, clearly they don't need a reason, so...

Anywho...that's absolutely disgusting, that story about the people killed at that funeral. Cori pretty much hit the nail on the head there.

Angela
 
While we are on the topic of sexual harassment and Lara Logan, here's an interesting piece from CNN:

Why is sexual harassment in Egypt so rampant? There could be any number of reasons, but many point to disregard for human rights.
Before the uprising, Nehad Abu el Komsan, the Director for the Center for Women's Rights, told me that Egypt was more interested in political than public security. She said that often meant that officials focused more on preventing political unrest than addressing social ills.
Some also blame the spread of more conservative interpretations of Islam from the Gulf over the past 30 years. They say such interpretations demand more restrictive roles for women and condemn women who step outside of those prescribed roles.
"Four million Egyptians went to the Gulf," el Komsan said. "They returned with oil money, and oil culture, which is not very open, related to the status of women. All of this changed the original culture of the Egyptian," she adds, "which included high respect for women."
Sara, a young Egyptian activist, told me that the concept of respect for some reason doesn't exist any more. "I think Egypt has lived a very long time in denial. Something happened in Egyptian society in the last 30 or 40 years. It feels like the whole social diagram has collapsed."
Egypt's harassed women need their own revolution - CNN.com
 
i don't know, apart from a couple of incidents involving non-white males (being followed in Gare du Nord by an East Indian man, and having my arse slapped by a North African man in the same area), i have felt pretty safe in those areas to be honest... plus, those areas are always so busy and bustling and full of activity i've always felt really safe there... it's the lonely quiet deserted back streets in any area that are to be avoided i think...

in fact, the first time i got hassled/propositioned in Paris was on Avenue Montaigne just off the Champs Elysees, by a white French man dressed in a smart suit; i was regularly harassed by my boss, a white French Bigot at one of the major French state-owned companies at the time, not to mention groped on many occasions during commuter hour (by white French men) on the metro; i was tear-gassed once on the metro by a gang of North African lads, then got chased by them after i pulled the emergency lever and jumped off train at Havre-Caumartin near the Opera - never ran so fast in my life lol!!!, have been followed out of the metro station in various parts of Paris i lived in over the years, mostly by white French men/boys, but by far the worst thing was me and my friend being flashed at by a white French man, in the middle of the day on the metro LOL so in my experience it was pretty much everywhere...

funnily enough, one of the places i felt the safest was walking along rue St Denis (red light area) on my way to theatre school - there was so much other action going on, i was completely ignored and left in peace - not something i would recommend though really LOL

Wow. Sounds like my assumption was borderline racist in that case. This behaviour is much less of a feature of Northern European culture, meaning UK/Scandinavia/Germany, etc. I remember some French girls stayed with my family many years ago...they said they were pleasantly surprised by how little hassle they got in the UK and Ireland by comparison to back home.
 
Libyan forces fire on mourners at funeral again - Yahoo! News




Woww. Gadhafi's a sick mass murderer. He deserves to be shot, if not just for his role in the Lockerbie bombing. :down: Yet the UN recognizes him as a legitimate leader. What a world we live in.

Hmm, well, you might get your wish sooner than you think. The reaction of the Libyan regime, that's a reaction from a position of fear. To me, it's the reaction of a regime that is in its last days.
 
Wow. Sounds like my assumption was borderline racist in that case. This behaviour is much less of a feature of Northern European culture, meaning UK/Scandinavia/Germany, etc.
Part of my response to you was going to be pointing out that, even as I expressed surprise at some of her experiences, I did also acknowledge that Paris is not a smart place for women to go around smiling at and making eye contact with male strangers. Paris does kind of have one foot in the north and one in the Mediterranean, and women travelers will definitely sense a difference in the social environment there compared to, say, London--a more macho vibe from the men, a more ritualized and conformist performance of gender roles (pardon the jargon) from both sexes in public. Still, I've never personally encountered harassment beyond the occasional leer or fleeting lewd comment there, so I was a bit surprised to hear that.

As for associating a higher local incidence of sexual harassment with the prevalence of some particular ethnocultural group in an area--I suppose that could be as offensive or as neutral as you want it to be, depending on what you're basing the association on, the significance you're reading into it, and how you express it. (By 'sexual harassment' I mean basically the spectrum from leering to groping--incidence of rape and other particularly violent forms of sexual assault often correlates more with overall violent crime rate than with reported sexual harassment rate.) Different cultures do have different gender systems, and sexual harassment often functions as a way of punishing and intimidating women (local and foreign alike) who are seen as flouting local gender customs, and therefore evoke a mix of titillation and contempt. It's not a matter of said group or its men being inherently more brutish or criminal or anything like that--this isn't necessarily fundamentally anti-social behavior, it's more like overly aggressive social policing behavior, though it's usually only a minority of men who are coarse enough to 'police' in this way. But at least in all my traveling experience, there's definitely a connection between how 'macho' the local culture is (for lack of a more incisive term) and the level of sexual harassment.

I've only been in the vicinity of Gare du Nord a couple times, once to visit an open-air market in a largely Algerian neighborhood--which was a great, really interesting market, however I do recall automatically going into my extra-alert, extra-emphatic-'don't-f*-with-me-stance' mode because there were almost no women, local or otherwise, around and I seemed to be getting quite a few What do you think you're doing here? looks. But no one actually bothered me. The area surrounding the station itself does have a reputation for pickpocketing and petty theft and is not what I'd call an inviting tourist locale, which is what I meant by "gritty," however I wasn't associating that particular spot with ethnic or cultural anything, just a somewhat higher crime rate.
 
I can't help wondering if a successful nonviolent revolution isn't actually quite dependant on the army to stand by, or even side with the protestors, as they did in Egypt. It seems like when the government has the support of the military, it becomes much more difficulty to bring down a regime.
 
Part of my response to you was going to be pointing out that, even as I expressed surprise at some of her experiences, I did also acknowledge that Paris is not a smart place for women to go around smiling at and making eye contact with male strangers. Paris does kind of have one foot in the north and one in the Mediterranean, and women travelers will definitely sense a difference in the social environment there compared to, say, London--a more macho vibe from the men, a more ritualized and conformist performance of gender roles (pardon the jargon) from both sexes in public. Still, I've never personally encountered harassment beyond the occasional leer or fleeting lewd comment there, so I was a bit surprised to hear that.

As for associating a higher local incidence of sexual harassment with the prevalence of some particular ethnocultural group in an area--I suppose that could be as offensive or as neutral as you want it to be, depending on what you're basing the association on, the significance you're reading into it, and how you express it. (By 'sexual harassment' I mean basically the spectrum from leering to groping--incidence of rape and other particularly violent forms of sexual assault often correlates more with overall violent crime rate than with reported sexual harassment rate.) Different cultures do have different gender systems, and sexual harassment often functions as a way of punishing and intimidating women (local and foreign alike) who are seen as flouting local gender customs, and therefore evoke a mix of titillation and contempt. It's not a matter of said group or its men being inherently more brutish or criminal or anything like that--this isn't necessarily fundamentally anti-social behavior, it's more like overly aggressive social policing behavior, though it's usually only a minority of men who are coarse enough to 'police' in this way. But at least in all my traveling experience, there's definitely a connection between how 'macho' the local culture is (for lack of a more incisive term) and the level of sexual harassment.

I've only been in the vicinity of Gare du Nord a couple times, once to visit an open-air market in a largely Algerian neighborhood--which was a great, really interesting market, however I do recall automatically going into my extra-alert, extra-emphatic-'don't-f*-with-me-stance' mode because there were almost no women, local or otherwise, around and I seemed to be getting quite a few What do you think you're doing here? looks. But no one actually bothered me. The area surrounding the station itself does have a reputation for pickpocketing and petty theft and is not what I'd call an inviting tourist locale, which is what I meant by "gritty," however I wasn't associating that particular spot with ethnic or cultural anything, just a somewhat higher crime rate.

i should point out that my experience was over quite a few years of living there though, not just a week or two... so it probably sounds a lot worse than it was...

i do love the area around Gare du Nord, La Chapelle, Barbes and Gare de l'Est, artistically there is lots going on, plus the shops are fantastic - you can find everything there (the main french supermarkets are still pretty much mostly "french" and offer little variety food-wise) - i used to do all my shopping there, and i still take an extra bag with me to stock up on things when i'm there for the day lol

i guess apart from arriving on Eurostar at Gare du Nord and the Sacre Coeur/Montmartre, it's not really a touristy spot... although the area around Gare de l'Est has been developed quite extensively in recent years and has gone more "upmarket" with some new fancy restaurants and bars... i did love the old cheap and cheerful, ok maybe dark and seedy bars/cafes in the past though, we would spend hours hanging out, just really laid back, and you could eat and drink really cheaply (great when you're a student with limited funds!) and there were some funny/interesting local characters... it felt like a glimpse of the old Paris you see in some of the paintings ha

and i agree, the harassment thing was a big shock to me, coming from the UK - i'd experienced nothing like it before... sadly you kind of get used to it, and i had to force myself to take my scowl off my face when i'd go back to the UK to visit lol!!!
 
my god, did you see gaddafi's son's speech?? that they'll continue fighting until the last man or woman standing!
 
oh wow, just read this on the Guardian live blog...

4.34 p.m. Egypt: It's one way to answer the question "What's on your mind?" ABC news reports that an Egyptian father has named his daughter Facebook, as a way of thanking the social networking site for its role in helping protesters organise the demonstrations that forced Hosni Muibarak to quit. The baby's full name is Facebook Jamal Ibrihim. (Thanks to fahimn on Twitter.)


and this too:

4.30pm – Libya: Reuters has just sent this line: "British foreign minister [William] Hague: have seen some information to suggest Libya's Gaddafi on his way to Venezuela."
 
ok, i have to make a decision...

would you take your family on a holiday to Egypt (red sea) right now?? i seriously don't know what the fuck to do... i am worried mainly about being able to buy food and water, as we are staying in private accommodation and are travelling completely independently, so have no "tour operator" back up and will have to fend for ourselves if things don't go smoothly...

what are your thoughts??
 
the benefit is not worth the risk.


A year ago, if the odds were 1 in a thousand something bad might happen.

What are the odds now? They have to be up by a factor of 10, at least.

Remember what happened to the reporter? Why take the risk?

Again weigh the risks vs. benefit.
 
Do you mean 'right now' as in right now - sometime in the very immediate future, or is this a summer thing? And do you just mean around Sharm el-Sheikh, or are you traveling around?
 
There are lots of places in the world that you can visit.

I wouldn't be going anywhere in the Middle East right now, nevermind bringing children there.

It isn't as if you can't go in a year or two when you can be more certain of the political situation.

JMO. :shrug:
 
well, talk about timing!

the airline has now emailed to say the return flight has been cancelled and they've put us on another flight several days later which is just totally impossible for us (visas, accommodation, school, work commitments)! i phoned and they can't offer any other suitable dates, so they've offered us a full refund seeing as they're the ones who've changed the flights - we wouldn't have been entitled to a penny if we'd cancelled as the FO was still saying it was safe, and insurance doesn't cover civil unrest... i was so unsure and very worried as it was - i was absolutely dreading going to be honest but was worried about letting other family members down who we were meant to be meeting up with there, but it's totally out of my hands now... we were meant to be travelling at Easter so i had to decide this week whether or not to pay the balance on the accommodation, or whether to cut our losses and not go... we were hoping to visit Cairo and Luxor as well but doubt if we would've been able to... i was prepared to just cancel and forfeit the flights and go another time, so am really relieved it's worked out this way...

thanks so much guys for the input anyway... :hug:
 
Egyptian women protesters forced to take ‘virginity tests’ | Amnesty International

23 March 2011

Amnesty International has today called on the Egyptian authorities to investigate serious allegations of torture, including forced ‘virginity tests’, inflicted by the army on women protesters arrested in Tahrir Square earlier this month.

After army officers violently cleared the square of protesters on 9 March, at least 18 women were held in military detention. Amnesty International has been told by women protesters that they were beaten, given electric shocks, subjected to strip searches while being photographed by male soldiers, then forced to submit to ‘virginity checks’ and threatened with prostitution charges.

‘Virginity tests’ are a form of torture when they are forced or coerced.

"Forcing women to have ‘virginity tests’ is utterly unacceptable. Its purpose is to degrade women because they are women," said Amnesty International. "All members of the medical profession must refuse to take part in such so-called 'tests'."

20-year-old Salwa Hosseini told Amnesty International that after she was arrested and taken to a military prison in Heikstep, she was made, with the other women, to take off all her clothes to be searched by a female prison guard, in a room with two open doors and a window. During the strip search, Salwa Hosseini said male soldiers were looking into the room and taking pictures of the naked women.

The women were then subjected to ‘virginity tests’ in a different room by a man in a white coat. They were threatened that “those not found to be virgins” would be charged with prostitution.

According to information received by Amnesty International, one woman who said she was a virgin but whose test supposedly proved otherwise was beaten and given electric shocks.

“Women and girls must be able to express their views on the future of Egypt and protest against the government without being detained, tortured, or subjected to profoundly degrading and discriminatory treatment,” said Amnesty International.

“The army officers tried to further humiliate the women by allowing men to watch and photograph what was happening, with the implicit threat that the women could be at further risk of harm if the photographs were made public.”

Journalist Rasha Azeb was also detained in Tahrir Square and told Amnesty International that she was handcuffed, beaten and insulted.

Following their arrest, the 18 women were initially taken to a Cairo Museum annex where they were reportedly handcuffed, beaten with sticks and hoses, given electric shocks in the chest and legs, and called “prostitutes”.

Rasha Azeb could see and hear the other detained women being tortured by being given electric shocks throughout their detention at the museum. She was released several hours later with four other men who were also journalists, but 17 other women were transferred to the military prison in Heikstep

Testimonies of other women detained at the same time collected by the El Nadeem Center for Rehabilitation of Victims of Violence are consistent with Rasha Azeb and Salwa Hosseini’s accounts of beatings, electrocution and ‘virginity tests’.

“The Egyptian authorities must halt the shocking and degrading treatment of women protesters. Women fully participated in bringing change in Egypt and should not be punished for their activism,” said Amnesty International.

“All security and army forces must be clearly instructed that torture and other ill-treatment, including forced ‘virginity tests’, will no longer be tolerated, and will be fully investigated. Those found responsible for such acts must be brought to justice and the courageous women who denounced such abuses be protected from reprisals.”

All 17 women detained in the military prison were brought before a military court on 11 March and released on 13 March. Several received one-year suspended prison sentences.

Salwa Hosseini was convicted of disorderly conduct, destroying private and public property, obstructing traffic and carrying weapons.

Amnesty International opposes the trial of civilians before military courts in Egypt, which have a track record of unfair trials and where the right to appeal is severely restricted.
 

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